| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Almendros-Ibáñez, J. A., et al.
(författare)
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Voidage distribution around bubbles in a fluidized bed
- 2010
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Ingår i: Powder Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-328X .- 0032-5910. ; 197:1, s. 73-82
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- n this work, a new method for measuring void fraction distribution around endogenous bubbles in a 2D fluidized bed is presented. The technique is based on illuminating a transparent-wall 2-dimensional bed with diffuse light from the rear and recording the distribution of light that penetrates the bed. The recording is made with a high speed video-camera, which gives frames with grey level corresponding to the light penetration and from which the voidage distribution around the bubbles can be determined. In this way, voidage distribution in the region very close to the bubble contour (r/Rb less, approximate 1.2) is obtained, which was not possible in previous studies due to limitations in spatial resolution. A correlation is proposed for the voidage at the contour of the bubble, with the voidage depending on the radial position and the polar angle.In addition, the effect of the voidage distribution on the throughflow crossing the bubbles was studied and an increase of 20% was determined for the average bubble geometry of the more than 100 bubbles analysed.
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| 3. |
- Bonmann, Marlene, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Sub-millimetre wave range-Doppler radar as a diagnostic tool for gas-solids systems - solids concentration measurements
- 2023
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Ingår i: Advanced Powder Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-8831 .- 1568-5527. ; 34:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Current non-intrusive measurement techniques for characterising the solids flow in gas-solids suspensions are limited by the low temporal or low spatial resolution of the sample volume, or in the case of optical methods, by a short range of sight. In this work, a sub-millimetre wave range-Doppler radar is developed and validated for non-intrusive sensing of solids concentrations in a gas-solids particle system with known characteristics. The radar system combines favourable features, such as the ability to see through at optical frequencies opaque materials, to measure the local solids velocity and the reflected radar power with a spatial resolution of a few cubic centimetres over distances of a few metres. In addition, the radar hardware offers flexibility in terms of installation. After signal processing, the output of the radar is range-velocity images of the solids flowing along the radar’s line-of-sight. The image frame rate can be close to real-time, allowing the solids flow dynamics to be observed. While the well-established Doppler principle is used to measure the solids velocity, this paper introduces a method to relate the received radar signal power to the solids volumetric concentrations (cv) of different particulate materials. The experimental set-up provides a steady stream of free-falling solids that consist of glass spheres, bronze spheres or natural sand grains with known particle size distributions and with particle diameters in the range of 50–300 µm. Thus, the values of cv found using the radar measurements are validated using the values of cv retrieved from closure of the mass balance derived from the measured mass flow rate of the solids stream and the solids velocity. The results show that the radar system provides reliable measurements of cv, with a mean relative error of approximately 25 % for all the tested materials, particle sizes and mass flow rates, yielding values of cv ranging from 0.2 × 10-4 m3/m3 up to 40 × 10-4 m3/m3 and solids velocities within the range of 0–4.5 m/s. This demonstrates the ability of the radar technology to diagnose the solids flow in gas-solids suspensions using a unique combination of penetration length, accuracy, and spatial and time resolution. In future work, the radar technique will be applied to study non-controlled solids flow at a larger scale, and to understand flow conditions relevant to industrial reactor applications, e.g., fluidised bed, entrained flow, and cyclone units.
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| 4. |
- Djerf, Tove, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Bottom-bed fluid dynamics – Influence on solids entrainment
- 2018
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Ingår i: Fuel Processing Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-3820. ; 173, s. 112-118
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In CFB boilers, the solids concentration along the riser and the external solids circulation are important design parameters. This work provides an experimental investigation on how the solids entrainment from the bottom region of a CFB riser is influenced by the fluidization conditions, in particular if there is a bottom bed or not. Measurements are carried out in a CFB riser with a height of 3 m and 0.45 m 2 in cross section. The solids inventory consists of glass spheres with a mean size of 112 μm, employing fluidization velocities up to 1.4 m/s and riser pressure drops in the range 0.15–1.5 kPa. The vertical distribution of solids concentration is determined through pressure drop measurements along the riser height. The external solids circulation is measured with a valve system in the return leg. The results show that the bottom region conditions govern how operational parameters influence the characteristics of the solids entrainment from the bottom. The vertical extension of the splash zone above the dense bed depends strongly on the dense bed height. In the absence of a dense bed, a bottom region with strong solids back-mixing is established which has similarities with the splash region.
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| 5. |
- Djerf, Tove, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Bottom-bed fluid dynamics - Influence on solids entrainment
- 2017
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Ingår i: 12th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Technology, CFB 2017. ; 2017, s. 183-190
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In CFB boilers, the solids concentration along the riser and the external solids circulation are important design parameters, mainly in terms of the heat balance but also influencing the risk of wear on heat transfer surfaces. This work investigates experimentally how the amount of solids entrained from the bottom region of a CFB riser is influenced by the fluidization conditions, including the presence or absence of a dense bottom bed. The paper presents first measurements in a new cold lab-scale unit (3 m tall, 0.45 m2in cross section), which is a scale model of a large utility boiler. The solids inventory consists of glass spheres with a mean size of 112 µm. The operational range covers fluidization velocities between 0.1 and 1.4 m/s and riser pressure drops between 0.2 and 1.5 kPa. The vertical distribution of solids concentration is determined through pressure drop measurements between densely spaced pressure taps (15 in total) along the riser height. The external solids circulation is measured with an automatic valve system in the return leg. The results show that the presence or absence of a dense bed govern how operational parameters influence the characteristics of the solids entrainment from the bottom region. The vertical extension of the splash zone above the dense bed depends strongly on the dense bed height. In the absence of a dense bed, a bottom region with strong solids back-mixing is established which has similarities with the splash region.
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| 6. |
- Djerf, Tove, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Solids back-mixing in the transport zone of circulating fluidized bed boilers
- 2022
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Ingår i: Chemical Engineering Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 1385-8947. ; 428
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work investigates the back-mixing of solids in the transport zone of large-scale circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers, with the aims of identifying and evaluating the governing mechanisms and providing a mathematical description based on a solid theoretical background rather than on purely empirical correlations. In addition, transient Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) modeling is used to identify the mechanism that drives migration of the solids from the dilute up-flow in the core region to the down-flow at the furnace walls. Previously published concentration and pressure profiles are collated and analyzed through modeling of the steady-state mass balance of the dispersed solids in the transport zone. The study shows that solids back-mixing at the furnace wall layers is limited (hence governed) by the core-to-wall layer mass transfer transport mechanism rather than by the lateral movement of solids within the core region. The latter is shown by the 3-dimensional (3D) mass balance model, and the transient DNS modeling indicates that this is due to a turbophoresis mechanism. We also show that the use of Pe-numbers to describe the lateral solids dispersion is not straightforward but rather depends on the unit scale, and that Pe-numbers < 26 are needed to yield the solids back-mixing rates measured in large-scale CFB boilers. Finally, we propose a mathematical expression for the core-to-wall layer mass transfer coefficient derived from a Sherwood number (Sh)-correlation fitted to measured values of the characteristic decay constant that result from the solids back-mixing. This expression shows better agreement with the large-scale measurements than do the expressions given in the literature.
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| 7. |
- Djerf, Tove, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Solids backmixing and entrainment in the splash zone of large-scale fluidized bed boilers
- 2022
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Ingår i: Powder Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-328X .- 0032-5910. ; 404
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work studies the fluid dynamics of the solids in the splash zone of fluidized bed furnaces, with focus set on solids back-mixing and solids entrainment in order to enhance the understanding and prediction of the solids flow in the bottom region of the furnace. Experimental results show the establishment of a splash zone also for runs in absence of a dense bottom bed. A simple model assuming ballistic trajectories of the ejected solids is shown to satisfactorily estimate the solids back-mixing rate. The flux of non-backmixed solids, which are entrained from the bottom region, is found to be unaffected by the bottom wall configuration (tapered/vertical) for a given gas flow. Finally, an empirical expression is proposed for the solids entrainment from the bottom region which covers wide operational and unit size ranges.
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| 8. |
- Djerf, Tove, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Solids circulation in circulating fluidized beds with low riser aspect ratio and varying total solids inventory
- 2016
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Ingår i: Fluidization XV (2016), Quebec, Canada.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper presents an experimental study with the aim tounderstand the relation between the flow conditions - the riser pressure drop and fluidization velocity - in a CFB riser and the net (external)solids flux (Gs [kg/m2s]), applying a riser geometry and overall flow conditions similar to CFB boilers.The experiments are carried out in a CFB unit operated under ambient conditions. The riser has a cross section of 0.7 m x 0.12 m and a height of 8.5 m, yielding a riser height-to-width aspect ratio of 10.6 (in the wide dimension), similar to that of CFB boilers. The unit is equipped with densely spaced pressure taps providing a fine resolution of the measured vertical pressure profile along the riser and an automatic system to accurately measure Gs. The experiments cover fluidization velocities of 0.3-7 m/s, riser pressure drops of 1.7-10.5 kPa and loopseal fluidization velocities of 0.12-0.54 m/s (secondary air flows are not considered). These ranges correspond to conditions both with and without a dense bottom region.The results show that Gs is determined by the solids concentration at the riser top, which depends riser pressure drop and fluidization velocity, and the backflow effect, which depends on the configuration and flow conditions of the loop seal and the exit region. For operating conditions with a dense bottom bed present, Gs is independent of riser pressure drop, whereas when operating without a dense bed an increase in riser pressure drop yields an increase in Gs.
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| 9. |
- Djerf, Tove, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Solids circulation in circulating fluidized beds with low riser aspect ratio and varying total solids inventory
- 2017
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Ingår i: Powder Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-328X .- 0032-5910. ; 316, s. 670-676
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents an experimental study with the aim to understand the relation between the flow conditions - the riser pressure drop and fluidization velocity - in a CFB riser and the net (external) solids flux (Gs [kg/m(2) s]), applying a riser geometry and overall flow conditions similar to CFB boilers. The experiments are carried out in a CFB unit operated under ambient conditions. The riser has a cross section of 0.7 m x 0.12 m and a height of 8.5 m, yielding a riser height-to-width aspect ratio of 10.6 (in the wide dimension), similar to that of CFB boilers. The unit is equipped with densely spaced pressure taps providing a fine resolution of the measured vertical pressure profile along the riser and an automatic system to accurately measure G5. The experiments cover fluidization velocities of 03-7 m/s, riser pressure drops of 1.7-10.5 kPa and loop-seal fluidization velocities of 0.12-0.54 m/s (secondary air flow is not included). These ranges correspond to conditions both with and without a dense bottom region. The results show that G(s) is determined by the solids concentration at the riser top, which in turn depends on riser pressure drop and fluidization velocity, and the backflow effect, which depends on the configuration and flow conditions of the loop seal and the exit region. For operating conditions with a dense bottom bed present, G(s) is independent of riser pressure drop at any fluidization velocity, whereas when operating without a dense bed an increase in riser pressure drop increases G(s).
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| 10. |
- Djerf, Tove, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Solids flow patterns in large-scale circulating fluidised bed boilers: Experimental evaluation under fluid-dynamically down-scaled conditions
- 2021
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Ingår i: Chemical Engineering Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0009-2509. ; 231
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work aims at gaining novel knowledge of the mechanisms governing the solids flow pattern in the furnace of large-scale Circulating Fluidised Bed (CFB) boilers. A fluid-dynamically down-scaled unit resembling an existing 200-MWth CFB boiler was built and validated against full-scale data. The extensive experimental campaign showed, among others, that the presence or absence of a dense bed governs the entrainment of solids from the bottom region of the furnace, and that the back-flow of solids at the exit region is negligible at low gas velocities although it quickly becomes significant with an increase in gas velocity. Thus, it is shown that the estimation of the external solids flux by the top flux in the furnace is not generally valid.
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